Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Immunogenicity among Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Recipients.

Patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy may have impaired humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations owing to their underlying hematologic malignancy, prior lines of therapy, and CAR-T-associated hypogammaglobulinemia. Comprehensive data on vaccine immunogenicity in this patient population are limited. A single-center retrospective study of adults receiving CD19 or BCMA-directed CAR-T therapy for B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma was conducted. Patients received at least 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 or 1 dose of Ad26.COV2.S and had SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody (anti-S IgG) levels measured at least 1 month after the last vaccine dose. Patients were excluded if they received SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody therapy or immunoglobulin within 3 months of the index anti-S titer. The seropositivity rate (assessed by an anti-S assay cutoff of ≥.8 U/mL in the Roche assay) and median anti-S IgG titers were analyzed. Fifty patients were included in the study. The median age was 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 58 to 70 years), and the majority were male (68%). Thirty-two participants (64%) had a positive antibody response, with a median titer of 138.5 U/mL (IQR, 11.61 to 2541 U/mL). Receipt of ≥3 vaccines was associated with a significantly higher anti-S IgG level. Our study supports current guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among recipients of CAR-T therapy and demonstrates that a 3-dose primary series followed by a fourth booster increases antibody levels. However, the relatively low magnitude of titers and low percentage of nonresponders demonstrates that further studies are needed to optimize vaccination timing and determine predictors of vaccine response in this population.

Post-Marketing Surveillance of CAR-T-Cell Therapies: Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database.

INTRODUCTION: As chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies are becoming increasingly available in the armamentarium of the hematologist, there is an emerging need to monitor post-marketing safety. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to better characterize their safety profile by focusing on cytokine release syndrome and identifying emerging signals. METHODS: We queried the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (October 2017-September 2020) to analyze suspected adverse drug reactions to tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel). Disproportionality analyses (reporting odds ratio) were performed by comparing chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies with (a) all other drugs (reference group 1) and (b) other onco-hematological drugs with a similar indication, irrespective of age (reference group 2), or (c) restricted to adults (reference group 3). Notoriety was assessed through package inserts and risk management plans. Adverse drug reaction time to onset and cytokine release syndrome features were investigated. RESULTS: Overall, 3225 reports (1793 axi-cel; 1433 tisa-cel) were identified. The reported toxicities were mainly: cytokine release syndrome (52.2%), febrile disorders (27.7%), and neurotoxicity (27.2%). Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity were often co-reported and 75% of the events occurred in the first 10 days. Disproportionalities confirmed known adverse drug reactions and showed unexpected associations: for example, axi-cel with cardiomyopathies (reporting odds ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval 1.2-4.4) and gastrointestinal perforations (2.9; 1.2-7.3), tisa-cel with hepatotoxicity (2.5; 1.1-5.7) and pupil disorders (15.3; 6-39.1). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the well-known adverse drug reactions and detects potentially emerging safety issues specific for each chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, also providing insights into a stronger role for tisa-cel in inducing some immunodeficiency-related events (e.g., hypogammaglobulinemia, infections) and coagulopathies, and for axi-cel in neurotoxicity.

[Prevention and management of infections in patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy: Recommendations of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Prise en charge prophylactique, thérapeutique des complications infectieuses et vaccination des patients traités par CAR-T cells : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Infections occurring after CAR T-cells are a common complication. At the acute phase of treatment following CAR T-cell infusion, the exact incidence of infections is unknown given the overlapping symptoms with cytokine release syndrome. The risk factors for infection include the malignant underlying disease and its multiple treatments, and an immunosuppressive state induced by CAR-T cells themselves and the treatment of their complications. During the twelfth edition of practice harmonization workshops of the Francophone society of bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapy (SFGM-TC), a working group focused its work on the management of post-CAR infectious complications. In this review we discuss anti-infection prophylaxis and vaccination of patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy as well as a special chapter for the specific case of COVID-19. These recommendations apply to commercial CAR-T cells, in order to guide strategies for the management and prevention of infectious complications associated with this new therapeutic approach.

[How to deal with an unexpected event that could alter the normal activity of cellular therapy? Recommendations of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Comment faire face à un événement inattendu pouvant modifier l'activité normale de thérapie cellulaire ? Recommandations de la Société Francophone de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie Cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly impacted cell therapy activities across the globe. Not only was this, unexpected event, a threat to patients who had previously received hematopoietic cell transplantation or other cell therapy such as CAR-T cells, but also, it was responsible for a disruption of cell therapy activities due to the danger of the virus and to the lack of solid scientific data on the management of patients and donors. The Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) devoted a workshop to issue useful recommendations in such an unexpected event in order to harmonize the actions of all the actors involved in cellular therapy programs so that we can collectively face, in the future, the challenges that could threaten our patients. This work is not specifically dedicated to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, but the latter has been used as a concrete example of an unexpected event to build up our recommendations.